Cinco de Mayo, meaning “Fifth of May” in Spanish, is often mistakenly thought to be Mexico’s Independence Day. In reality, it commemorates a significant but smaller military victory: the Battle of Puebla, fought on May 5, 1862. While not a major holiday in Mexico, Cinco de Mayo has evolved into a celebration of Mexican culture and heritage, particularly in the United States.
Cinco De Mayo Dancing
The roots of Cinco de Mayo trace back to a turbulent time in Mexican history. Following years of internal conflict, including the devastating Mexican-American War (1846–1848) and the Reform War (1857–1861), Mexico was left deeply in debt to several European countries. In 1861, President Benito Juárez suspended foreign debt payments for two years, angering Britain, Spain, and France. Although Britain and Spain negotiated settlements and withdrew their forces, under Emperor Napoleon III, France saw an opportunity to establish a stronghold in North America.
In late 1861, French troops landed in Veracruz and began advancing toward Mexico City. The French army was considered one of the most powerful in the world at the time, well-trained, well-equipped, and confident. However, Mexican forces were smaller, poorly supplied, and facing internal divisions. On May 5, 1862, near the small town of Puebla, General Ignacio Zaragoza and his troops managed to repel the French forces. The Mexican army’s stunning victory became a powerful symbol of resistance and patriotism.
In Mexico, Cinco de Mayo is not a national holiday and is often overshadowed by Mexico’s actual Independence Day, celebrated on September 16. Cinco de Mayo took on a different life in the United States, especially starting in the 20th century. Mexican-American communities embraced the day to honor their heritage and celebrate cultural pride. During the civil rights movement of the 1960s, Cinco de Mayo became a symbol among U.S. Latinos. It serves as a day to recognize the rich contributions of Mexican culture to American society.